I think you would have to make the thin piece of aluminum (or credit card) an actual feature of the design .... some folks do that, in fact, to good effect.
I don't think such an insertion, of itself, would help with the glue-bonding issues. . I'd still recommend the stepping or grooving approach as well.
"What are the products that you would use for either polyurethane or epoxy though?" .... I would use epoxy glue for both.
"I just don't have the time for the learning curve to feel confident that I'll be doing it well." .... we all face such challenges; no real shortcuts, I fear.
The challenges that each of us face very often seem to have some characteristics that are unique to our own individual requirements, methods and materials. . Customers throw various curve balls that require us to do some technique research & development which is time-consuming.
In addition, with that particular pen kit (the 30 Cal. Bolt Action kit) you do not have much room to use the methods I have suggested.
The barrel O.D. is only about 60 thou bigger than the brass tube diameter.
Another approach completely is to get a blank made up to your requirements. . There is a wood inlay blank designed as you require .... a stars and stripes wood inlay for the bolt action pen kit .... I think it is sold by ....
www.KallenshaanWoods.com ....
I have also seen a similar blank for the bolt action ..... starts and stripes ..... made from colored feathers and other bits/pieces.
The maker of those was Seamus Rooney, but I have not seen him around here for quite a while. .
Seamus is probably still a member of IAP. .
If you need help contacting him, let me know. . I might be able to help. . But it all takes time which you many not have.
EDIT:
I see that Seamus is still around. . He has a website .....
http://www.Texomapens.com
Another avenue is the maker of the actual blanks you plan to use ......
He might be able to help you out, or make something specifically for your need. . Check with Exotic Blanks about contacting him.
The owner of Exotic Blanks is on IAP with name .... ed4copies